Bogor (
Indonesian:
Kota Bogor,
Dutch:
Buitenzorg) is a
city on the island of
Java in the
West Java province of
Indonesia. The city is located in the center of the
Bogor Regency (
Indonesian:
Kabupaten Bogor), 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of the Indonesian capital
Jakarta, although it is administratively independent from that regency. Bogor is the 6th largest city of
Jabodetabek (the Jakarta metropolitan region) and the 14th nationwide, with a population having passed 1 million;
[2] it is an important economic, scientific, cultural and tourist center, as well as a mountain resort. In 2015, the new president (
Joko Widodo) moved the seat of the president from
Merdeka Palace to Bogor.
With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about 20 km
2 (7.7 sq mi), the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a
presidential palace and a
botanical garden (
Indonesian:
Kebun Raya Bogor) – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "the Rain City" (
Kota Hujan), because of frequent rain showers. It nearly always rains even during the dry season.
History[edit]
The Kingdom of Sunda had its capital in Pakuan Pajajaran
Precolonial period[edit]
A Dutch map showing the location of the Pakuan Pajajaran relatively to Buitenzorg.
The first mentioning of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of
Tarumanagara, one of the first states on the territory of modern Indonesia.
[3][4][5] After a series of defeats from the neighboring
Srivijaya, Tarumanagara was transformed into the
Sunda Kingdom, and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between the small rivers Ciliwung and Cisadane. It was named Pakuan Pajajaran, that in old Sundanese means "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.
[6][7]
A 1600-year-old stone inscription (
prasasti) of the
Tarumanagarakingdom era.
Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran become one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with population reaching 48,000.
[7] The name Pajajaran was then used for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan.
[7][8][9][10][11] The chronicles of that time were written in
Sanskrit, which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the
Pallava writing system, on rock stellas called prasasti.
[4][12] The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.
[4]
In the 9–15th centuries, the capital was moving between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by
King Siliwangi (
Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday.
[13][14]
In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of
Sultanate of Banten,
[15][16] ceasing the existence of the State of Sunda. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades.
[7][13]
Colonial period[edit]
Dutch East India Company[edit]
In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under control of the
Dutch East India Company (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 by signing an agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC.
[17]
The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanuwijaya, a
Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area.
[9][17][18] It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the
Mount Salak volcano (
Indonesian:
Gunung Salak), however the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations.
[9] In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village").
[4] In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanuwijaya was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern
Bogor Regency.
[17][18]
The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC
Abraham van Riebeeck(the son of the founder of
Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies).
[9][17] The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees.
[18] The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot
Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.
[18] In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.
[18]
In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General
Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns," meaning "without worries" or "carefree," cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French.)
[19][20] Around the same time, the first reference to
Bogor as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace.
[21] Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg.
[19] This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word
bogormeaning sugar palm (
Arenga pinnata), which is still used in the Indonesian language.
[21][22] Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word
bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents.
[21]
The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.
[18] This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other
Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by
Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration
Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.
[18][23]
Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands[edit]
Bogor Palace in 1910s when it was still the residence of Governor-General.
After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century.
[18][19][24][25]
On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcano caused by an earthquake.
[18][26] Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption.
[18] The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European,
Chineseand Arab migrants within the city.
[18]
In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and Westernized cities in Indonesia.
[9][18]
In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor.
[4][19] This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and set Buitenzorg as the center of West Java Province.
[4]
1942–1950[edit]
Aerial picture of Bogor during the 1930s.
R. A. A. Muharram
Wiranatakusuma, president of the Pasundan State with his secretary in Bogor (1948)
During
World War II Buitenzorg and the entire territory of Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945.
[27] As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor.
[25] The city had one of the major training centers of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "
Defenders of the Motherland").
[28]
On 17 August 1945, Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Bogor was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,(
Indonesian:
Negara Jawa Barat) which was renamed
Pasundanin April 1948 (
Indonesian:
Negara Pasundan). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation.
[29][30] In December 1949, Pasundan joined the
Republic of the United States of Indonesia (
Indonesian:
Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS) established at the
Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2 November 1949.
[30][31] In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950,
[30][31] and its name was officially declared as Bogor.
[13][32]
As part of Indonesia[edit]
As part of independent Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia.
[9][33] In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions
[34] and the
APEC summit of 15 November 1994.
[35] Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled with
Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church.
[36]
Geography, topography, geology[edit]
The city is situated in the western part of
Java island, about 53 km south of the capital
Jakarta and 85 km northwest of
Bandung, the administrative center of West Java Province.
[1] Bogor spreads over a
basin near volcanoes Salak, which peaks at about 12 km south, and
Mount Gede whose top is 22–25 km south-east of the city.
[38] The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level.
[1] The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64 km² of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km² from 2° to 15°, 11 km² between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km² from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km² over 40°;
[39] the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly.
[40]
The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks.
[40] Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic.
[38] The total area of green space is 205,000 m², of which 87,000 m² are
Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m² are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m² by 24 groves and 81,400 m² are covered with grass.
[41]
Several rivers flow through the city toward the
Java Sea. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places.
[38] It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included into national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), with the area of several hectares each. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area.
[42]
Climate[edit]
The climate is equatorial, and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average
relative humidity is 70%,
[38] the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas.
[38] Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has the nickname "Rain City" (
Indonesian:
Kota hujan).
[43][44] The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C.
[1]
| [hide]Climate data for Bogor City |
|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 91
(33) | 97
(36) | 93
(34) | 90
(32) | 99
(37) | 100
(38) | 97
(36) | 93
(34) | 99
(37) | 95
(35) | 97
(36) | 90
(32) | 100
(38) |
|---|
| Average high °F (°C) | 77
(25) | 77
(25) | 79
(26) | 79
(26) | 79
(26) | 79
(26) | 79
(26) | 79
(26) | 81
(27) | 81
(27) | 79
(26) | 77
(25) | 79
(26) |
|---|
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 73
(23) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) | 72
(22) |
|---|
| Average low °F (°C) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 63
(17) | 63
(17) | 63
(17) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) | 64
(18) |
|---|
| Record low °F (°C) | 52
(11) | 48
(9) | 48
(9) | 50
(10) | 50
(10) | 55
(13) | 45
(7) | 37
(3) | 55
(13) | 50
(10) | 52
(11) | 50
(10) | 37
(3) |
|---|
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 9.84
(250) | 9.13
(232) | 7.17
(182) | 7.17
(182) | 4.06
(103) | 1.85
(47) | 0.98
(25) | 2.09
(53) | 2.76
(70) | 3.78
(96) | 7.76
(197) | 7.87
(200) | 64.45
(1,637) |
|---|
| Average precipitation days | 21 | 21 | 21 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 20 | 21 | 176 |
|---|
| [citation needed] |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|
| Average wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Top wind speed (km/h) | 37 | 44 | 115 | 76 | 72 | 54 | 61 | 93 | 46 | 74 | 59 | 46 | 115 |
Population[edit]
According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor.
[45] The average population density is about 8,000 people per km²; it reaches 12,571 persons per km² in the center and drops to 5,866 people per km² in the southern part.
[45]
School girls in Muslim dress in the Bogor Botanical Garden
The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960 is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country.
[48] The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city.
[49] Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population;
[45] 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years.
[49] The 2005 estimate of the
life expectancy is 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia.
[50]
Most population (87%) are
Sundanese, with considerable numbers of
Javanese, Chinese and other, often mixed ethnicities.
[51][52] Virtually all adults are fluent in
Indonesian – the official language of the country.
Sundanese is used at home and in some public areas and events – for example, the solemn speech of the mayor at the City Day celebration of 3 June 2010 was delivered in Sundanese.
[52] The local
dialect of Sundanese significantly differs from the classical version both lexically and phonetically.
[53][54]
The majority of population (94%) are
Muslims,
[55] with just over 5% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city,
[56][57][58] as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community
[59]) and Hindu communities.
Religious statistics of 2009[49]
| Religion | Adherents | Fraction of population (%) | Number of religious buildings |
|---|
| Islam | 838,533 | 92.64 | 715 |
| Protestantism | 30,807 | 3.40 | 27 |
| Catholicism | 21,957 | 2.43 | 8 |
| Buddhism | 9,246 | 1.02 | 13 |
| Hinduism | 1,352 | 0.15 | 9 |
| Confucianism | 502 | 0.06 | 13 |
| Others | 2,736 | 0.30 |
Administrative divisions[edit]
Bogor City is surrounded by the
Bogor Regency (
kabupaten) but in itself is a separate municipality (
cat).
[13][60] The city is divided into six
districts (
kecamatan), which contain 68 low-level administrative units, 31 of which have the status of settlement and 37 are villages.
[61]Districts of Bogor City[45][61]
| English name | Indonesian name | Area
in km² | Population at
2010 Census | Number of
settlements
and villages |
|---|
| North Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Utara | 17.72 | 170,320 | 8 |
| South Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Selatan | 30.81 | 180,745 | 16 |
| East Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Timur | 10.15 | 94,572 | 6 |
| West Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Barat | 32.85 | 210,450 | 16 |
| Central Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Tengah | 8.13 | 102,203 | 11 |
| Tanah Sereal | Kecamatan Tanah Sereal | 18.84 | 190,776 | 11 |
Administration[edit]
The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration.
[60] Diani Budiarto became the first elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009.
[62] Legislative power is provided by the City Council which consists of 45 people's representatives who are also elected by the residents for a 5-year term. Nine political parties consisting of five
factions are represented in the Council.
[63][64]
The coat of arms of Bogor is a rectangular
heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the
National Emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird
Garuda, in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese
dagger kujang. The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR" which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR".
[65]
Economy[edit]
A building in downtown Bogor
Guppy fishes are exported in large quantities from Bogor.
Bogor has developed
automotive chemical and food industries;
[66] its outlying areas are used for agriculture.
[67] During the colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century,
[9][18] and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of the economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009.
[66] At the end of 2009, the
Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion
IDR[68] (approximately 1.287 billion USD
[69]) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR.
[68]
Despite the economical growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only cash income, but also access to basic social services
[70]) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents of the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice higher than in 2006 (9.5%)
[68] Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month.
[71]
| Branch of economy | Share in GRP (%)[72] |
|---|
| Trade, hotel and restaurant business | 30.14 |
| Industry | 28.2 |
| Financial services | 13.77 |
| Transport and communication | 9.7 |
| Customer services | 7.54 |
| Construction | 7.48 |
| Energy and water supply | 3.16 |
| Agriculture, fishing | 0.36 |
In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies.
[73] The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming.
[67] The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and
sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes).
[74] The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000).
[75][76]
About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields.
[77] Breeding
aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which yielded 367,000 USD from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East.
[72] A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU,
ASEAN, Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US,
New Zealand), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East).
[78][79] Most of the local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets.
[78]
Transport[edit]
Becak parking at the center of Bogor
Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance.
[80] The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect the city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses).
[81] There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m² and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m²) serves urban passenger routes.
[82] A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor.
[82] Recent years see a significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian
rickshaw (
becak) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009.
[83] The train station of Bogor was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day.
[82]
Demographic[edit]
The new American cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756 including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs.
[84]
Housing and facilities[edit]
Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate the central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses.
[86] The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m²) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m² in southern part of the city.
[86][87] To improve this situation, the city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in the western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($22 per year
[88]) at acceptable living conditions.
Electricity to Bogor is supplied by Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and
Banten. Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in the Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong.
[89] Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%.
[90]
As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan.
[91] The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although, the water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs.
[91]
Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about 800,000 m
3 of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for
compost and about 3% is burned in five incinerators within the city.
[92]
The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" (
Indonesian:
Tempat pemakaman umum), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in a small cemetery adjacent to churches.
[93] Some mosques also have small burial plots.
[94] Graves for poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis,
[95] and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents.
[96]
Education and science[edit]
Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the beginning of the 19th century there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of the colonial agricultural;
[9][18][19] In the late 19th – early 20th centuries have been established over major scientific institutions – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest.
[97][98]
Similar to the prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia and after gaining independence. As in the second half of 20th century, and in the 2000s strongest areas were agricultural science,
Biology and
Veterinary. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance, is the Bogor Institute of Agriculture, whose structure, in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories. Academy of analytical chemistry.
[99][100]
Veterinary schools and laboratories existed in Bogor from the period of Dutch colonization. Photo 1907.
| Education | Percentage of the population[72] |
|---|
| Less than 6 classes | 24.3 |
| Elementary school (grades 1–6) | 29.3 |
| Secondary school (grades 7–9) | 16 |
| High schools (grades 10–12) | 23.2 |
| Bachelor | 3.1 |
| Master and above | 4.1 |
Educational institutions of Bogor[49]
| Type | Number of institutions (public/private) | Number of students | The number of teachers |
|---|
| Kindergartens | 154 (1/153) | 7,194 (175/7,019) | 765 (11/754) |
| Schools for handicap children | 9 (0/9) | 408 (0/408) | 78 (0/78) |
| Elementary schools | 288 (248/40) | 97,794 (84,289/13,505) | 5,004 (4,267/737) |
| Secondary schools | 115 (19/96) | 43,153 (18,867/24,286) | 2,634 (892/1,742) |
| High schools | 50 (10/40) | 22,349 (9,450/12,899) | 1558 (566/992) |
| Technical schools | 63 (no data) | 28,375 (3,334/25,041) | 1826 (246/1,580) |
| Universities | 15 (5/10) | 16,998 (12,304/4,694) | 1,787 (1,225/562) |
The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is rather high for Indonesia.
[49] Bogor Institute of Agriculture (
Indonesian:
Institut Pertanian Bogor) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration.
[99][101] The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun.
[101] In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools (
madrasah) and several Christian schools and colleges.
[49]
Culture[edit]
Bogor is one of the leading cities of Indonesia by the number of museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the country.
[105] The Zoological Museum (
Indonesian:
Museum Zoologi) which was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits.
[106]Other prominent musea are more recent. So the museum of
ethnobotany (
Indonesian:
Museum Etnobotani) was opened in 1982 and has more than 2000 exhibits;
[107] museum of the earth (
Indonesian:
Museum Tanah, 1988) represents hundreds of soil and rock samples from different parts of Indonesia;
[108] museum of the struggle (
Indonesian:
Museum Perjuangan, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national liberation movement;
[109] and museum of PETA (1996) reflects the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland ") created during World War II by the Japanese administration.
[110]
The city has a drama theater,
[111] dozens of movie theaters, nine of which (as of mid-2010) are set up at international standards.
[112] The presidential palace, administrative buildings and universities regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of folk art, conferences and culture-related seminars, such as the Congress of Indonesian culture (
Indonesian:
Kongres Kebudayaan Indonesia) of 2008.
[113]
The first hospitals were established in Bogor in the first half of the 19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century, there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital,
[114] and a large psychiatric hospital with doctors from Europe and North America.
[115] In the 1930s, the Dutch Red Cross Society hospital became the largest in the city. Most of the existing hospitals and clinics are built in the 1980s–1990s.
[116] They include 10 hospitals, 373 private clinics, 51 single-doctor clinics and 134 pharmacies and drug stores, and employ 274 general practitioners, 122 dentists, 74 sanitation doctors, 37 radiologists (X-ray), 141 gynecologists, 32 nutritionists, 55 assistants, 710 nurses, 63 pharmacists and 99 doctors of other specialties.
[49][116] 2 new hospitals are founded in 2014
The 12 hospitals of Bogor are:
- Hospital of the Indonesian Red Cross Society (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Indonesia) – general, the oldest in the city
- "Karya Bhakti" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Karya Bhakti) – general
- "Salak" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Salak) – Army general hospital
- "Atang Sanjaya" (Indonesian: Atang Sanjaya) – Air Force general hospital, also an Air Force base
- Bogor Medical Center – general practitioners, private
- Islamic Hospital (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Islam) – general, only for Muslims[citation needed]
- "Azra" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Azra) – general
- "Melania" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Melania) – women and children
- "Hermina" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Hermina) – women and children
- "Marzuki Mahdi" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Marzuki Mahdi) – infectious diseases and psychiatric hospital
- "Mulia" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Mulia)- general
- "Vania" (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Vania)- general, founded in Nov 1st, 2014 [117]
Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers
[118] – "Radar Bogor", founded in 1998 and "Pakuan Raya" in founded in 2005 and Jurnal Bogor, founded in 2008. they print in about 25,000 copies and have electronic versions. Bogor offices also partly print part some Javanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and scientific publications of the local universities.
The two municipal TV channels, "Bogor-TV" and "Megasvara TV" broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java.
[119] There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the
FM and 10 in the
AM range.
[120]
As of March 2010, the Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the
National Sports Committee of Indonesia(
Indonesian:
Komite Nasional Olahraga Indonesia). Their achievements are regarded as poor. So at the Java competitions, Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the planned 42.
[121][122] The largest among 15 sports organizations
[49] is the Bogor Football Union (
Indonesian:
Persatuan Sepakbola Bogor), headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team "PSB Bogor" never took prizes in the national championships.
[123] The local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators.
[124]
Travel and places[edit]
Lily pond in the Bogor Botanical Garden.
On a national tourism exhibition of 2010 in Jakarta, Bogor was recognized as the most attractive tourist city of Indonesia.
[125] The city and its surrounding area are visited by about 1.8 million people per year, of whom more than 60,000 are foreigners.
[126] The main tourist attraction is the
Bogor Botanical Garden. Founded in 1817, it contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42 bird species breed within the garden, although this number is declining and was 62 before 1952.
[127] The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas.
[128][129] Much of the original rainforest was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific studes. Besides, the garden was enriched by collections of palms, bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian
St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists to work at Bogor.
[128] The staff of Bogor garden also administer three other major gardens of Iindonesia: the
Cibodas Botanical Garden founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java and the Eka Karya Botanical Garden founded in 1959 on
Bali island.
[130]
The former residence of the Governor-General, now the summer palace of the President of Indonesia
Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small pond.
[128][131] The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays, such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450 paintings and 360 sculptures.
[128]
The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone
stelae (prasasti). Fifteen prasasti of the greatest historical and cultural value are collected in a special pavilion in the district of Batutulis.
[132] In the western part of Bogor there is a large lake Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by the reserved forest area and a forest park. In the protected area there are several research facilities, and the recreation areas host sports activities, boating and fishing.
[133][134]
On the territory of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery established in 1784.
[135] It contains 42 historical graves of the Dutch colonial officials, military officers and scientists, who served in Bogor, Jakarta and other cities in West Java from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.
[135] Nearby, there are three graves of the early Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor Silivangi, Galuh Mangku Alam,
vizier Ba'ul and commander Japra. The locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons.
[136] Other historical places are the Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one of the oldest operational Catholic Churches in Indonesia,
[137] and the Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical South Chinese style. It is the first Buddhist temple of Bogor and one of the oldest in Indonesia.
[138]
Famous people born in Bogor[edit]
The list includes only people with Wikipedia pages in at least three languages.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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